Abstract: Aiming at the problem of coal and gas outburst in the process of coal mining in China, this paper first summarizes the research progress of coal and gas outburst mechanism, and points out that the research on outburst mechanism of tectonic belt is of great significance by summarizing the shortcomings of existing theoretical models. Then, the influence of geological structure on three key factors of coal and gas outburst is analyzed, that is, geological structure has a control effect on the distribution of in-situ stress and gas occurrence in coal seams, and tectonic movement can change the microstructure of coal, thus changing the physical and mechanical properties of coal; the coal and gas outburst process in the structural belt is summarized and divided into four stages: preparation, initiation, development and termination. The preparation stage includes two parts: tectonic movement and mining operation. Finally, based on the shortcomings of the existing research results, the direction of coal and gas outburst to be further studied is put forward from the perspective of geological structure.