Abstract: In order to analyze and study the role and effectiveness of individual coal miner in the prevention and governance of occupational diseases, taking all underground workers of a coal mine in Inner Mongolia as the research object. Through the investigation and evaluation of individual workers information, the degree of relevance of hazardous factors, and the performance of prevention and control behaviors, from the perspective of individual workers, we study the hazard and individual relevance of occupational hazard factors and the differences in individual prevention and control ideology and prevention and control behaviors in different directions. The results show that: dust and toxic and harmful gases are the most harmful to workers and have the widest impact, in particularly, dust is related to almost all individuals. The individual workers’ ideological cognition on the prevention and control of occupational hazards only understands some individual-related content, but does not understand the relevant content of the enterprise and laws and regulations. The enthusiasm for prevention and control behavior is high, but the initiative is insufficient, and the lack of awareness and spontaneity in the prevention and control of occupational hazards is not conducive to continuous and long-term occupational protection.