Abstract: Resilience can help miners cope with high-stress environment in coalmine production, and reduce their unsafe behavior. A moderated mediating model based on challenge model of resilience development was built with organizational justice as independent variable, unsafe behavior as dependent variable, resilience as mediated variable, and work stress as moderated variable. The moderated mediating model was tested by data from 891 coal miners who were recruited to complete organizational justice scale, work stress scale, Chinese version of Connor-Davidson resilience scale and unsafe behavior scale. The results showed that distributive justice and procedural justice has positive effect on unsafe behavior, while interpersonal justice and information justice has negative effect on unsafe behavior. Resilience mediated the relationship between organizational justice and unsafe behavior, while work stress played a moderating role on the relationship between organizational justice and resilience, as well as on the direct effect of organizational justice on unsafe behavior. Thus, managing and controlling work stress and improving organizational justice to strengthen miners’ resilience is an effective way to reduce unsafe behavior.