Abstract: In order to study the influence of different low temperatures on coal rock mechanics and acoustic emission characteristics, the raw coal prepared from the 15# coal seam anthracite in Yangquan Xinjing Coal Mine was used as the research object. The refrigerated environment box and the acoustic emission test device of American Physical Acoustics Company deeply analyzed the mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of coal samples during the treatment process at 20 ℃, 0 ℃, -20 ℃, -40 ℃ and -196 ℃（ｌｉｑｕｉｄ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ）． The results show that the peak strength and damage strength of the raw coal sample increase first and then decrease with the decrease of cold treatment temperature; the ratio of damage strength/peak strength increases with the decrease of temperature, indicating that the coal sample decreases with the decrease of cold shock temperature. It’s easier to break. At 0 ℃ to -20 ℃, the coal sample has a complex failure form and obvious brittleness characteristics; the coal sample failure with a lower temperature is mainly shear failure, and the form is single. The cracking effect of low temperature treatment on the coal sample will destroy the internal structure of the coal, reducing the overall strength of the coal sample and forming a weak surface inside the coal sample. With the continuous decrease of the processing temperature of the acoustic emission signal amplitude, the intensity of the signal and the overall numerical value continue to decrease.