Abstract: The dynamic disaster induced by mining disturbance is a major problem that affects coal mine safety production. The root cause lies in the large amount of elastic energy in the original rock. Combined with the occurrence status of coal seam geological structure in Huainan Mining Area and the characteristics of a historical dynamic disaster accident, the formation mechanism of the hard rock key layer controlling energy-rich zone is explained. The consistency of the key layer control structural zone and the location of the elastic energy accumulation in the soft coal seam are analyzed. It is concluded that the key layer control energy gathering is the decisive factor for coal mine dynamic disaster. Based on the principle of controlling dynamic disasters by key layers, measures such as mining pressure relief in protective layer areas, cutting roofs of regional pressure relief grooves, and avoiding stress concentration areas in fault zones are proposed to achieve the purpose of preventing coal and rock dynamic disasters.