Abstract: Based on the social exchange theory, the unequal allocation of resources caused by the existence of differential atmosphere within an organization will have an impact on the emotional state and behavior of employees. To explore this influencing mechanism, this paper took 348 miners in coal mining enterprises as research objects, collected data through questionnaire survey, and established a hypothesis model by using AMOS24.0 software to explore the mechanism of action between differential atmosphere perception and miners’ safety behavior and the role of emotional commitment in the two. The results show that there is a significant negative correlation between the perception of differential atmosphere and emotional commitment. There is a significant positive correlation between emotional commitment and safety behavior. Emotional commitment plays a full mediating role between codependence and safe behavior, while partial mediating role between favoring treatment, trusted role and safe behavior.