Abstract: The miners’ unsafe behavior is the main cause of coal mine accidents, and work stress is an important factor affecting safe behavior. We explore the impact of safety stress and mental health on the safety behavior of miners, and the mediating role of mental health. 230 front-line mines in Wangzhuang Coal Mine of Shanxi Province were selected as the research object, and questionnaire survey was conducted. The hypothesis was tested by SPSS21.0 and AMOS21.0. The result shows that: safety role conflict, safety role ambiguity and interpersonal safety conflict were significantly negatively correlated with safety compliance; safety role conflict and interpersonal safety conflict were significantly negatively correlated with safety participation; mental health plays a partial intermediary role in the process of safety stress affecting safety behavior. Coal mine managers should create a safe psychological climate, alleviate the safety stress of miners, and improve their mental health and safety behavior.