Abstract: In order to study the structural stability control mechanism of roadway surrounding rock, from roadway surrounding rock structure load-bearing mechanism affecting the stability of roadway surrounding rock, structure weakening mechanism of roadway surrounding rock, the large deformation of roadway surrounding rock and its control mechanism three aspects, we introduce the related research results at home and abroad, and summarize the analysis of relevant research results. The results show that the structure of surrounding rock bearing model is confined to the two-dimensional problem, and bearing capacity weaken of surrounding rock confines to the hydration, rock structure deformation analysis is confined to the mechanical behavior of structure of the body itself at present. We propose four aspects to improve the overall stability of roadway surrounding rock including establishing mechanical response model with three-dimensional bearing structure, quantifying several weakening analysis indexes of bearing capacity of surrounding rock structure, establishing numerical analysis model of coal seam roadway with weak structure, strengthening the bearing capacity of weak structure.