Abstract: Coal mine workers’ safety awareness is one of the important internal factors which affect unsafe behavior. In order to explore the relationship between safety cognition and miners’ unsafe behavior, according to the analysis of the related literature and combined with the coal mine working environment, the safety awareness is divided into 4 dimensions of field risk cognition, cognitive behavior, occupation risk awareness and rules and regulations cognition. Based on the investigation of the coal mine workers, we establish the model of safety cognition and unsafe behavior of coal miners through SEM. The results show that risk cognition in field, cognitive behavior, occupation risk awareness, rules and regulations connition and safety attitude have a significant influence on the unsafe behavior. The field risk cognition, occupation risk awareness, rules and regulations cognition have a significant influence on safety risk attitude. The cognitive behavior of workers has no significant effect on safety attitude.