Abstract: Pneumoconiosis is the most serious occupational disease in China at present. About 50% of the total pneumoconiosis patients in our country comes from the coal industry. Pneumoconiosis disease of coal mine form a great threat to safety production and the health of coal miners. According to the coal mine of pneumoconiosis incidence in our country, combing with theoretical knowledge of the incidence of pneumoconiosis, we set an example of a few incidence of pneumoconiosis in coal mine. As a result, the impact of the mechanism of coal mineral composition on the incidence of pneumoconiosis was studied. Through qualitative analysis, we find that SiO₂ has the biggest effect on pneumoconiosis; the higher of free SiO₂ content, the higher of the incidence of pneumoconiosis; the increasing of metal and metalloid elements in the coal dust can increase the risk of pneumoconiosis; the increased aluminum silicate ratio can reduce the incidence of pneumoconiosis risk.