Abstract: It is necessary to clarify the geological causes of rock burst in the new shaft coal pillar area of Qianqiu Coal Mine, which can provide the inspiration for rock burst control work. The geological factors are arranged, compared and analyzed such as roof lithology, stratum structure, surface subsidence and fault structure. The mechanisms of rock burst are elaborated caused by geological factors, and the relationship is studied between rock burst and surface subsidence. The research indicates that the geological bases of rock burst are the thick conglomerate overlying coal seam and the special stratum structure of “two hard one soft”. The surface sedimentation coefficient is only 0.18 in the southern goaf of coal pillar, and the overlying rock is far from adequate sedimentation, thus results in a high concentration of coal pillar stress, which is the main reason that the rock burst takes place frequently in this area.