Abstract: To explore the visual attention effect of miners’ safety signs under the mixed conditions of illumination environment and cognitive characteristics of three safety signs, a two-factor analysis of variance was conducted on the eye movement indicator data during the recognition process. This study simulated twelve different mixed environment conditions and analyzed visual attention effects through eye tracking data. The results showed that the illumination environment had a significant impact on eye movement indicators, and the low illumination environment havs a more significant impact; familiarity has a significant impact on the recognition process, meaningfulness significantly affects the cognitive load of first gaze, and simplicity has little effect on cognitive load. Light has a greater impact on the recognition of safety signs. In high light environments, low cognitive feature levels are often more difficult to identify. Therefore, in safety management, attention should be paid to the investigation of safety hazards.