Abstract: Mine fire has always been one of the disasters that restrict coal mining and endanger the life safety of underground workers in China, and will cause great waste of resources. In the face of the current serious mine fire accidents, the research and development of new fire prevention and extinguishing materials is undoubtedly an important topic to ensure the safety and efficient production of modern mines. This paper comprehensively discusses the inducements of the current mine fire, as well as the fire extinguishing mechanism and existing defects of conventional fire extinguishing materials such as inert gas injection, mud injection, and spray inhibitor, and new fire extinguishing materials such as gel foam, liquid carbon dioxide, and expandable graphite gel. The problems faced by some advanced fire prevention and extinguishing materials at home and abroad in the current practical application are proposed, and the development of new fire prevention and extinguishing materials in the future is prospected.