Abstract: In order to explore the influence mechanism of the perceived overqualification of the new generation of miners on safety performance and improve the safety performance level of the new generation of miners, based on the theory of relative exploitation, self-verification theory and social exchange theory, we construct a hypothetical model of the relationship between perceived overqualification, organization-based self-esteem, psychological rights, idiosyncratic deals and safety performance of the new generation of miners. Based on 401 valid sample data from three state-owned coal mining enterprises in Shanxi Province, the hypothetical model was verified by hierarchical linear regression, Bootstrap and other methods. The results show that perceived overqualification of the new generation of miners has a significant negative impact on safety performance. Both organization-based self-esteem and psychological rights play a mediating role between perceived overqualification and safety performance. The direct effect of perceived overqualification on safety performance and the mediating role of organization-based self-esteem and psychological rights in the relationship between the two are regulated by idiosyncratic deals.